Einfluss Der Stärkeherkünfte Gerste,Mais, Kartoffeln Und Ihrer Rationsanteile Auf Die Nährstoffverdaulichkeit Und Energieverwertung Bei Wiederkäuern

Abstract

Rationen mit Energieanteilen von 50, 25 und 10% aus Gerstenkorn, Maiskorn oder rohen Kartoffeln wurden im Rahmen von Gesamtstoffwechselversuchen mit Ochsen vergleichend untersucht. Ziel der Forschungsarbeiten war es, neue Ergebnisse für eine Präzisierung der Nettoenergie-Fett-Schätzgleichungen für die Tierart Rind zur Verfügung zu haben. Im Rahmen dieser Untersuchungen wurden auch die Energie- und Nährstoffverdaulichkeit der Rationen am Hammel vergleichend bestimmt. Der Rohfasergehalt der Rationen lag zwischen 166 und 271 g und der Stärkegehalt zwischen 69 und 330 g/kg TS. Von den Ochsen wurden täglich 575 bis 2739 g Stärke bei Ernährungsniveau (EN) 1.7 und 365 bis 1804 g Stärke bei EN 1.1 aufgenommen.

Die Verdaulichkeit der Energic betrug am Ochsen bei den Rationen mit 50% Energieanteil aus Gerste, Mais bzw. Kartoffeln im Mittel 73,5, 73,9 bzw. 75,3%, bei den Rationen mit 25% Energieanteil im Mittel 72,2, 71,6 bzw. 72,4% und bei den Rationen mit 10% Energieanteil im Mittel 68,8, 69,5 bzw. 69,8%. In der Verdaulichkeit der Energie und der Nährstoffe bestand bei Rind und Schaf gute übereinstimmung mit Ausnahme von Rohprotein und Rohfett; diese wurden vom Rind 4–5%-Einheiten niedriger verdaut als vom Schaf.

Die Erhöhung des Ernährungsniveaus um 1 verminderte die Verdaulichkeit beim Rind bei den Rationen mit 50 und 25% Energieanteil aus Konzentraten um 3–6%-Einheiten und bei 10% Energieanteil aus Konzentraten um eine %-Einheit. Pansenphysiologische Kennwerte werden vergleichend zwischen Rind und Schaf mitgeteilt.

INFLUENCE OF THE STARCH SOURCES BARLEY, MAIZE, POTATOES AND THEIR PARTS ON THE RATIONS OF NUTRIENTS DIGESTIBILITY AND ENERGY UTILIZATION IN RUMINANTS

1. Comparative investigations on nutrients digestibility in cattle and sheep

Rations with energy parts of 50, 25 and 10% from barley, maize and potatoes were investigated comparatively by means of total metabolism experiments with oxen with a view to arriving at a more precise estimation equation of net energy fat for cattle.

Parallel to the investigations with oxen the energy and nutrients digestibility of the rations in wethers was measured. The crude fibre content of the rations ranged from 166 to 271 g and the starch content from 69 to 330 g/kg DM. The daily starch intake of the oxen ranged from 575 to 2739 g on nutrition level (NL) 1,7 and from 365 to 1804 g on NL 1.1. The energy digestibility of the rations in oxen with energy parts of 50% barley, maize and potatoes was on average 73.5, 73.9 and 75.3%, of the rations with energy parts of 25% on average 72.2, 71.6 and 72.4% and of the rations with energy parts of 10% on average 68.8, 69.5 and 69.8%. The digestibility of energy and nutrients in cattle and sheep was in good agreement excepted crude protein and crude fat; these were digested 4–5%-units lower from cattle than from sheep. The increase of the nutrition level by one unit lowered the digestibility of rations with energy parts of 50 and 25% from concentrates in cattle about 3–6 units and of rations with energy parts of 10% from concentrates about one %-unit. Information about rumen physiological data is given comparatively between cattle and sheep.     

Effect of the methodology on peptide amino acid concentrations in blood and plasma of sheep

Different methodologies for the measurement of peptide amino acid (PAA) in blood and plasma were compared in sheep. Preparation of blood and plasma samples consisted of a deproteinization, either chemical with sulfosalicylic acid (0.04 g for 1 ml of sample) or physical by ultrafiltration (10,000‐MW cut‐off filters), with or without a subsequent ultrafiltration through a 3,000‐MW cut‐off filter. Peptide concentrations were determined by quantification of amino acid concentrations before and after acid hydrolysis of samples. Free amino acid concentrations were similar by all the method used (about 2.5 and 2.7mM, for blood and plasma respectively). Peptide concentrations were higher with chemical deproteinization (10.6 and 4.2 mM, for blood and plasma respectively) than with physical deproteinization (5.7 and 3.3 mM, for blood and plasma respectively). When the deproteinized samples were further treated to remove material of molecular weight above than 3 kDa, peptide concentrations were significantly reduced, which indicates inefficiencies in the ability of the deproteinizing procedures in removing all the proteinaceous materials. Concentration of small PAA (< 3kDa) in blood was about 1.5‐fold that in plasma, mainly due to peptide Gly and Glu derived from the hydrolysis of the erythrocyte glutathione. The choice of a methodology for quantifying circulating peptides is discussed.     

Effect of the Methodology on Circulating Peptides Determination and Consequences on Net Flux Measurements Across the Gastrointestinal Tract of Sheep

Two methodologies for the measurement of peptide amino acids (PAA) in blood were compared to evaluate their effects on the measurement of the net flux of peptides across the gastrointestinal tract of sheep. These methods consisted of a chemical deproteinization of blood samples with sulfosalicylic acid (1.6M, 0.1 ml for 1 ml of sample) or perchloric acid (1M, 1 ml for 1 ml of sample) followed by ultrafiltration through a 3,000-Da cut-off filter (SSA+UF3kD) or gel filtration through a Sephadex G-15 column (1,500-Da cut-off filter; PCA+G-15), respectively, prior to PAA analysis. Peptide concentrations as determined by amino acid concentrations before and after hydrolysis of samples were slightly greater with the SSA+UF3kD (991 µM) than with the PCA+G-15 (605 µM) methodology. However, both methodologies gave similar net portal-drained viscera flux data in sheep fed on alfalfa pellets with histidine as the only significant uptake of peptide amino acid.     

Ergebnisse aus vergleichenden untersuchungen von parametern der pansenfermentation und zur verdaulichkeit von futterrationen bei rind und schaf

Die Ergebnisse von 283 Untersuchungen des mittels Schlundsonde gewonnenen Pansensaftes der Tierarten Rind (Ochse, Kuh, männliches und weibliches Jungrind) und Schaf (adulte Hammel) werden verglichen. Die untersuchten Parameter sind: Anteile an flüchtigen Fettsäuren (FFS), Gesamtgehalt an FFS, pH‐Wert, NH₃‐ und Harnstoffgehalt. Der Essigsäureanteil liegt beim Rind im Mittel um 2 Mol‐% und der Gesamtgehalt an FFS bis zu 28 mmol/1 (Mittelwert für die Kuh‐Schaf‐Vergleiche) höher als beim Hammel. Die NH₃‐ und Harnstoffgehalte sind bei allen Kategorien des Rindes niedriger als beim Hammel. Beziehungen zwischen der Höhe der Differenz der Parameter bei Rind und Schaf und dem Rohfasergehalt der Rationen, der Lebendmasse der Jungrinder und dem Ernährungsniveau werden verfolgt.     

In Vitro Effects of Some Antibiotics on Glutathione Reductase from Sheep Liver

The effects of gentamicin sulphate, thiamphenicol, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, cefepime, and cefazolin were investigated on the in vitro enzyme activity of glutathione reductase. The enzyme was purified 1,850-fold with a yield 18.76% from sheep liver using ammonium sulphate precipitation, 2′, 5′-ADP Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography, and Sephadex G-200 gel filtration chromatography. The purified enzyme showed a single band on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The enzyme activity was measured spectrophotometrically at 340?nm, according to the method of Carlberg and Mannervik. From these six antibiotics, Ofloxacin, levofloxacin, cefepime, and cefazolin inhibited the activity of the purified enzyme; gentamicin sulphate and thiamphenicol showed little effect on the enzyme activity. The I50 values for these four antibiotics were 0.150?mM, 0.154?mM, 3.395?mM, and 18.629?mM, respectively. The Ki constants were 0.047±0.034?mM, 0.066±0.038?mM, 4.885±3.624?mM, and 6.511±1.894?mM, respectively and they were competitive inhibitors.     

Responses of the functional structure of soil microbial community to livestock grazing in the Tibetan alpine grassland

Microbes play key roles in various biogeochemical processes, including carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling. However, changes of microbial community at the functional gene level by livestock grazing, which is a global land‐use activity, remain unclear. Here we use a functional gene array, GeoChip 4.0, to examine the effects of free livestock grazing on the microbial community at an experimental site of Tibet, a region known to be very sensitive to anthropogenic perturbation and global warming. Our results showed that grazing changed microbial community functional structure, in addition to aboveground vegetation and soil geochemical properties. Further statistical tests showed that microbial community functional structures were closely correlated with environmental variables, and variations in microbial community functional structures were mainly controlled by aboveground vegetation, soil C/N ratio, and NH₄⁺‐N. In‐depth examination of N cycling genes showed that abundances of N mineralization and nitrification genes were increased at grazed sites, but denitrification and N‐reduction genes were decreased, suggesting that functional potentials of relevant bioprocesses were changed. Meanwhile, abundances of genes involved in methane cycling, C fixation, and degradation were decreased, which might be caused by vegetation removal and hence decrease in litter accumulation at grazed sites. In contrast, abundances of virulence, stress, and antibiotics resistance genes were increased because of the presence of livestock. In conclusion, these results indicated that soil microbial community functional structure was very sensitive to the impact of livestock grazing and revealed microbial functional potentials in regulating soil N and C cycling, supporting the necessity to include microbial components in evaluating the consequence of land‐use and/or climate changes.     

藏药小檗皮对糖尿病模型小鼠血糖水平影响的初步研究

目的:观察藏药小檗皮对糖尿病小鼠模型及正常小鼠血糖的影响,并以血糖为指标确定其治疗糖尿病及其并发症的有效剂量范围.方法:以6.72 9·kg-1、3.36 9·kg-1、1.68 g·kg-1、0.84 9·kg-1、0.42 g.· kg-1剂量的小檗皮浸膏灌胃四氧嘧啶糖尿病小鼠10d,GOD-CE-PAP法测定小鼠血糖水平,以确定小檗皮的有效降糖剂量范围;6.72 g·kg-1、1.68 g·kg-1、0.84 g·kg-1剂量的小檗皮浸膏灌胃正常小鼠7d,GOD-CE-PAP法测定小鼠血糖水平,观察小檗皮对正常小鼠血糖的影响.结果:与模型对照组相比,盐酸二甲双胍、盐酸小檗碱、生物碱复配及6.72 g·kg-1、1.68 9·k-1、0.84 9·kg-1、3.36 g·kg-1、0.42 g·kg-1的小檗皮浸膏均有较好的降糖作用,5个剂量的小檗皮浸膏降糖作用依次为:6.72 9·kg-1＞ 1.689·kg-1＞ 0.849·kg-1＞3.36 g·kg-1＞0.429·kg-1;盐酸二甲双胍、羟苯磺酸钙、盐酸小檗碱、复配生物碱及6.72 9·kg-1、1.68 g·kg-1、0.849·kg-1剂量的小檗皮浸膏对正常小鼠血糖无明显作用.结论:藏药小檗皮对四氧嘧啶所致糖尿病模型小鼠血糖有明显降糖作用,对正常小鼠血糖无明显作用.     

Pedigree analysis of the closed nucleus of Iranian Baluchi sheep

A study was conducted to characterise genetic diversity in the closed nucleus of Baluchi sheep using pedigree analysis. Herdbook information collected between 1979 and 2008, including pedigree records on 21,721 animals, was used to compute inbreeding and average generation intervals. Effective population size and parameters derived from probability of gene origin were computed for ewes born between 2005 and 2008 with both parents known (female reference population). The average complete generation equivalent of the female reference population was 5.47. The mean generation interval was 3.33 years in the studied period. From 1983 to 1994, the rate of increase in inbreeding was approximately 0.2% per year, but, after 1994, inbreeding did not increase as in the preceding years and had an approximately flat trend over time. The mean relationship coefficients among rams, among ewes and between rams and ewes in active animals were calculated to predict the future level of inbreeding. The effective number of founders, effective number of ancestors and founder genome equivalent of the reference population were 80, 47 and 19.5, respectively. The realised effective population size was 134 animals. The results of this study indicated that the population under study has fairly good genetic variability.     

步林在青海柴达木盆地的早期工作记录——经典脊椎动物化石地点与现代地层框架的解译(英文)

1931 ～ 1932 年,博格·步林两次率领中瑞考察团( 又名斯文·赫定考察团) 到青海省柴达木盆地东部进行考察,在克鲁克湖与托素湖地区首次发现了丰富的新近纪哺乳动物化石。这批化石成为我国早期青藏高原古生物研究的奠基石。直至今日,双湖地区仍是青藏高原脊椎动物化石最丰富、研究程度最高的地区。柴达木盆地新近纪的堆积巨厚且连续,地层构造相对简单,盆地北缘地层出露好,是研究陆生哺乳动物演化的理想地点。然而,双湖地区地层的时代跨度超过 13 My,厚度接近 4600 m,如果化石层位不明,很容易引起动物群成分的混乱。步林对此似乎缺乏足够的认识,对所有采集的化石未做分层处理,导致后人对"柴达木动物群"年代的解释引起不少异议。步林并非对地层不重视。恰恰相反,他如同在甘肃塔奔布鲁克盆地的工作中那样,在缺乏地形图和地质资料的条件下做了大量的基础地层工作。他利用明显的地物( 山顶)和地质构造( 背斜) 作为参照系统,仔细地记录了化石的出露地点,并编制了一些草图。步林去世后,家属把他的野外记录留给赫定档案馆( Svan Hedin Archives) ,在斯德哥尔摩分几处收藏。遗憾的是,如同塔奔布鲁克盆地的情况,步林未能发表很多十分关键的化石地点资料,而发表的地质记录却被多数人忽略,所出版的游记也鲜为人知,个人档案记录更是深埋于历史的文献中。直到 1999 年,本文第一作者才首次接触到一些步林的野外原始资料。经过近 10 年多次对赫定档案馆的访问和对步林原始记录反复的野外核实,最终才将步林的经典地点结合进现代地层顺序的框架中。本文是继对步林塔奔布鲁克盆地燕丹图动物群经典地点与地层的研究后,进一步对其柴达木盆地化石地点的厘定与复原,是本系列文章之二。目的是将过去混淆于各地点的动物群逐一解译,将不同时代的化石分子置于现代地层与年代框架之中。幸运的是,步林的诸多野外记录都保存完好,结合发表的个人游记及地质记录,他所发表的多数哺乳动物化石都可以恢复到一定地层范围之内,尚能尽量减小经典化石地点的不确定性。本文试图整理步林未发表的珍贵资料,通过综合考证其他已发表的信息,结合作者在 1998 ～2010 年多次野外考察的结果,以期理顺柴达木地区经典化石点与现代地层框架的关系。这里将着重探讨经典化石点的生物地层学问题,并将步林柴达木盆地化石地点的野外记录资料译成英文附入文后,至于我们在柴达木盆地发现的其他化石点暂不涉及。步林主要在三个地区采集了化石: 托素湖北岸、怀头他拉村南及泉水梁火车站附近。尽管步林清楚地意识到其化石来自几千米厚的地层,但他统称其为柴达木动物群,成为以后混乱的主要原因。根据对柴达木新近纪的地层古生物考察,我们至少可以辨认出 4 个动物群: 中中新世欧龙布鲁克动物群、晚中新世早期托素动物群、深沟动物群和早上新世怀头他拉动物群。( 1) 中中新世欧龙布鲁克动物群。化石主要产于剖面底部克鲁克背斜两翼接近轴部的红色泥岩及绿色砂岩中。该动物群的成员发现较少,步林和我们都找到不多,主要来自两个地点: 怀头他拉剖面步林 165 号营地附近及泉水梁火车站东北 800 m 左右处。包括以下几个种类( 括号内为步林的化石编号; 该系列号码在步林的柴达木专著中广泛应用) : Olonbulukia tsaidamensis ( Nr. 356) ,Lagomeryx tsaidamensis ( Nr. 361) ,Stephanocemas( Nr. 368,407) ,? Dicroceros ( Nr. 372,397) ,? Eostyloceros ( Nr. 396,399,401) ,Acero-rhinus tsaidamensis ( Nr. 330,346,374,381) 。( 2) 晚中新世早期托素动物群。该动物群最初发现于托素湖北岸的狭长露头。步林对该点的记录最详细,其中各化石层位都被我们一一找到。托素湖的含哺乳动物化石层位局限在诺令根河( 连接克鲁克湖与托素湖之间的小河) 北岸 100 m 的地层中,是步林所有化石点中能最精确地确定层位的一个点( 即步林托素湖化石点都可以恢复到该段 100m 地层中) 。根据目前古地磁测量结果,该点 100 m 地层可以精确到 0. 3 Ma 范围之内。相当于含托素动物群层位的化石地点在怀头他拉剖面中也少量存在,但多数化石不特征,估计步林在此也找到不多。托素动物群最丰富的化石点在泉水梁车站东南的狭长露头。步林称做"一般条带"( "General Strips") 。在厚度不到250 m,北西-南东方向延伸达8 km的地层中,化石均匀散布、保存完好,是柴达木目前最丰富的化石点。托素动物群包括以下种类( 括号内为步林的化石编号) : "Ictitherium sp. "( Nr. 542) ,Tsaidamotherium hedini( Nr. 447,457) ,Tossunnoria pseudibex ( Nr. 449,481,537) ,Qurliqnoria cheni ( Nr. 441) ,Qurliqnoria sp. ( Nr. 508) ,Olonbulukia tsaidamensis ( Nr. 429) ,Chalicotheriidae indet.( Nr. 317) ,Hipparion sp. ( Nr. 352,444,467,493,498,500,501,523,553) ,Acerorhi-nus tsaidamensis ( Nr. 418,430,438,456,459,488,502-4,511,516,525-7,536,538,555-6) ,? Tetralophodon ( Nr. 458,487,524,530,534) ,Giraffidae indet. ( Nr. 316,320) ,? Eostyloceros ( Nr. 334,349) 。另外我们在泉水梁地点也找到大量化石,研究后可望增加更多的成员。泉水梁是我国少数几个三趾马出现最早的地点之一。该剖面目前还没有古地磁资料,但通过与怀头他拉古地磁剖面的对比,泉水梁三趾马出现的最低层位应大致在 C5r. 1r反向带与 C5r. 1n 正向带之间( 约 11. 12 Ma) 。另外托素动物群所代表的时代,是青藏高原首次出现独特种类的时代。牛羊科中具有高原特色的种类包括 Tsaidamotherium hedini,Tossunnoria pseudibex,Qurliqnoria cheni 和 Olonbulukia tsaidamensis,其中 Qurliqnoria cheni可能是现代藏羚羊( Pantholops) 的祖先类型。( 3) 晚中新世早期深沟动物群。深沟动物群是根据德令哈南部深沟剖面的化石建立的。产该动物群的地层虽然在怀头他拉剖面中段出露,但目前还没找到特征的化石。步林的个别不确定的化石有可能属于深沟动物群。邱铸鼎和李强最近( 2008) 对深沟的小哺乳动物做了详细的描述,认为与陕西蓝田霸河组下部的小哺乳动物组合最接近。( 4) 早上新世怀头他拉动物群。怀头他拉动物群也处于怀头他拉剖面上部化石不丰富的地段。从步林的野外记录中,惟一能够比较确定的化石是一些驼鸟蛋片。我们也仅增加了几种小哺乳动物( 未研) 。     

藏猪和长白猪对口蹄疫疫苗的免疫应答特性比较研究

目的 比较藏猪和长白猪接种口蹄疫O型灭活苗后免疫应答的差异,为研究藏猪的免疫遗传特性和抗逆性奠定基础.方法 分别用猪口蹄疫O型灭活苗肌注免疫8日龄藏猪和长白猪,在免疫前、免疫后1、2、4和6周采集抗凝血,计数血液中免疫细胞数量的变化,ELISA法测定血清中特异性抗体含量,定量RT-PCR分析免疫应答调控相关基因的表达水平.结果 疫苗免疫后4至6周,藏猪血液中白细胞数量和口蹄疫病毒特异性抗体的含量显著高于长白猪组(P<0.05),藏猪的TLR7和CD4基因表达水平也较长白猪明显升高(P<0.05),而长白猪的TLR4和TLR9基因的表达量在免疫后2至6周比藏猪有较明显的上升(P<0.05);藏猪的IL10基因的表达量在免疫后2周时显著低于长白猪组(P<0.05).结论 口蹄疫苗免疫后,藏猪的体液免疫应答水平和Th等免疫细胞数量显著高于长白猪,其TLR7基因表达水平也明显升高(P<0.05),而长白猪的IL10、TLR4和TLR9基因的表达量在免疫后不同时期较藏猪明显增多(P<0.05);说明免疫藏猪对口蹄疫的免疫应答反应显著强于长白猪,与其TLR7、CD4免疫基因的高表达和IL10基因较低水平表达相关.